Monitoring Hate Speech: Trends and Patterns

Online hate speech is not an endemic issue; rather, it is a phenomenon that spreads across national borders. While its forms, targets, and narratives may vary, common patterns consistently emerge across different countries. Our research demonstrates how online hate speech is rapidly evolving, shaped by political developments, societal tensions, and technological change.

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the key trends and patterns identified through our ongoing monitoring efforts. The findings draw upon both qualitative and quantitative observations, alongside case study contributions from CESIE ETS, Greek Helsinki Monitor, ILGA Portugal, Jewish Association Czulent, and TransParente Portugal. The research highlights recurring narratives, targeted groups, and contextual triggers, while also identifying notable national specificities.

By compiling these insights, the report contributes to a broader understanding of how online hate manifests and adapts within local contexts. It further sheds light on policy developments, regulatory frameworks, and prevention efforts at both national and European levels.

This monitoring report was produced with the financial support of the Rights, Equality and Citizenship (REC) Programme of the European Union. However, the research and the content of this publication are the sole responsibility of INACH and should not be regarded as reflecting the views of the European Commission.

Read the report (in English) by clicking here.